---
description: Survey of Vortex Principals
---

# Vortex Project

## Project topic vortex flows

```
graph TD;
    A[Vortex Flow]-->B[Principals];
    A-->C[Critical Review];
    B-->D[Helmhotz Equations];
        D-->h1[Filament Strength Constant]
        D-->h2[End at Free Surface or Closed]
        D-->h3[Newton's 1st equiv]
    C-->E[geometry]
    E-->F[free surface]
    E-->G[closed Curve]
    C-->H[time]
```

## Fluid Citations

everyone references him since he appeasrs to set up the energy functional since the usefulness of his paper is apparent as it is featured as part of all of these other works, analyze only the appendix which is what is needed

relates back to the fundamental equations of kinematics ${\bf q} = (u,v,w)$ and ${\boldsymbol \omega} = (\xi,\eta,\zeta)$

let H be the scalar potential sum of the pressure and velocity heads $H = p / \rho + \frac { 1 } { 2 } q ^ { 2 }$

use continuity on steady flow no elevation change or dependence on height or time so $ \psi ( r , x ) = \text { const }$

$u _{ r } + r ^ { - 1 } u + w_ { x } = 0$

and stream function is then defined so that $u = - r ^ { - 1 } \psi _{ x } , \quad w = r ^ { - 1 } \psi_ { r }$

benjamin defines that $\mathbf { q } \times \boldsymbol { \omega } = \nabla H$ and says that with intuition realize that the vortex line must lie along a stream surface which is related to helmholtz second theorem



vortex tip stable to critical rotation rate where downward drag overcomes buoyant force and bubble is dragged down from tip

there is a depression as the next bubble is being formed

F is the Rossby number $Ro = \frac{U}{L f}$ which relates inertial coriolis force

```
@article{Keller_1995, title={On the interpretation of vortex breakdown}, volume={7}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868757}, DOI={10.1063/1.868757}, number={7}, journal={Physics of Fluids}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Keller, Jakob J.}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={1695–1702} }
```

```
@article{ANDERSEN_BOHR_STENUM_RASMUSSEN_LAUTRUP_2006, title={The bathtub vortex in a rotating container}, volume={556}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112006009463}, DOI={10.1017/s0022112006009463}, journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={ANDERSEN, A. and BOHR, T. and STENUM, B. and RASMUSSEN, J. JUUL and LAUTRUP, B.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={121} }
```

```
@article{Benjamin_1962, title={Theory of the vortex breakdown phenomenon}, volume={14}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112062001482}, DOI={10.1017/s0022112062001482}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Benjamin, T. Brooke}, year={1962}, month={Dec}, pages={593} }
```

critical rotation $\Omeg&#x61;_{C}=\frac{F}{\pi \sqrt{v / \Omega} R_{0}^{2\}} \approx 10^4 \text{ r.p.m.}$

central depression height $\Delta h=\frac{\Omeg&#x61;_{C}^{2} R_{0}^{2\}}{2 g}=\frac{F^{2} \Omega}{2 \pi^{2} g v R\_{0}^{2\}}$

depends on Rossby most squared power

bathtub vortex flow in the fluid bulk as a line vortex flow with circulation $\Gamma$ so $v\_{0}(r)=\frac{\Gamma}{2 \pi r}$

gaussian up flow profile $&#x77;_{0}(r)=\frac{F}{\pi R_{0}^{2\}} \exp \left(-\frac{r^{2\}}{R\_{0}^{2\}}\right)$.

```
@article{Cassidy_Falvey_1970, title={Observations of unsteady flow arising after vortex breakdown}, volume={41}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112070000873}, DOI={10.1017/s0022112070000873}, abstractNote={<jats:p>In rotating flow moving axially through a straight tube, a helical vortex will be generated if the angular momentum flux is sufficiently large relative to the flux of linear momentum. This paper describes an experimental study of the occurrence, frequency and peak-to-peak amplitude of the wall pressure generated by this vortex. The experimental results are displayed in dimensionless form in terms of a Reynolds number, a momentum parameter and tube geometry.</jats:p>}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Cassidy, John J. and Falvey, Henry T.}, year={1970}, month={May}, pages={727–736} }
```

take away that they plot looks remarkably like the moody chart in that the effect of the inertial component drops for high values of reynolds

```
@article{Escudier_Zehnder_1982, title={Vortex-flow regimes}, volume={115}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112082000676}, DOI={10.1017/s0022112082000676}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Escudier, M. P. and Zehnder, N.}, year={1982}, month={Feb}, pages={105} }
```

Gernally accepted that vortex may be stable or unstable dependent on some critical value

similar to the hydraulic jump seen at the end of a laminar tapwater stream onto the bottom of a flat simk

vortex breakdown may be the result of a laminar to turbulent transition as if spiral vortex cannot exist that way

measurement by laser doppler anemometer

plots double log betwen reynolds and rotational speed

$$
\begin{array} { c } { \Gamma / \left( 2 \pi r _ { c } w _ { e } \right) = \text { constant } } \\ { \Omega ^ { 3 } R R e _ { B } = \text { constant } } \end{array}
$$

where c is dependent on geometry

```
# rusak notes 
@article{WANG_RUSAK_1997, title={The dynamics of a swirling flow in a pipe and transition to axisymmetric vortex breakdown}, volume={340}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112097005272}, DOI={10.1017/s0022112097005272}, abstractNote={<jats:p>This paper provides a new study of the axisymmetric vortex breakdown phenomenon. Our approach is based on a thorough investigation of the axisymmetric unsteady Euler equations which describe the dynamics of a swirling flow in a finite-length constant-area pipe. We study the stability characteristics as well as the time-asymptotic behaviour of the flow as it relates to the steady-state solutions. The results are established through a rigorous mathematical analysis and provide a solid theoretical understanding of the dynamics of an axisymmetric swirling flow. The stability and steady-state analyses suggest a consistent explanation of the mechanism leading to the axisymmetric vortex breakdown phenomenon in high-Reynolds-number swirling flows in a pipe. It is an evolution from an initial columnar swirling flow to another relatively stable equilibrium state which represents a flow around a separation zone. This evolution is the result of the loss of stability of the base columnar state when the swirl ratio of the incoming flow is near or above the critical level.</jats:p>}, journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={WANG, S. and RUSAK, Z.}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={177–223} }
```

Rayleigh’s Discriminant says that there is stability if the follow is satisfied so long as $\Gamma = rV$ is a monotonic function

$$
\Phi = \frac{1}{r^3}\frac{d}{dr} \left(rV\right)^2 > 0
$$

vortex breakdown can be found as a minimum of global energy functional ]\\

$$
\mathscr { E } ( \psi ) = \int _ { 0 } ^ { x _ { 0 } } \int _ { 0 } ^ { 1 / 2 } \left( \frac { \psi _ { y } ^ { 2 } } { 2 } + \frac { \psi _ { x } ^ { 2 } } { 4 y } + H ( \psi ) - \frac { I ( \psi ) } { 2 y } \right) \mathrm { d } y \mathrm { d } x
$$

two functionals one which is counteracts the other and is dependent on the elevation

stream function

H and I can be thought of as differential operations acting on the stream functions which is denoted as \phi\_{yy}
